Stevenson University Library will accept faculty course reserves that comply with the copyright laws of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code). The law is complex, but for educators, the “fair use” doctrine (Sec. 107) is the most important part of the law as it gives guidance to users of copyrighted materials on when it is permissible to legally use copyrighted work without obtaining specific permission from the copyright holder.

The fair use doctrine of the law allows for limited reproduction of copyrighted works for educational and research purposes. The following factors are used to determine if the use is permissible:

• the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
• the nature of the copyrighted work;
• the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole, and
• the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

(See Copyright Law of the United States of America for the text of the entire law).

According to Kenneth Crews in copyright Essentials for Librarians and Educators “you… need not satisfy all four factors; courts balance them to identify their overall leaning-in favor of or against fair use.”¹ Each time you plan to put an item or items on reserve, the above four factors (purpose, nature, amount and effect) must be examined to determine if you are in compliance with the law. For example, if you put five copies of the same article on reserve every semester, you may satisfy the requirement of educational purpose, but the effect on the market of repeated use and the high number of copies would probably make this practice a violation of fair use.

The Fair Use Checklist developed at Indiana University Copyright Management Center will help in determining if the item(s) you plan to put on reserve meet the criteria for fair use.

Please note: it is not permissible to put on reserve books borrowed from other libraries. Also, the Library staff would prefer to purchase copies of books for course reserve and will strive to acquire its own copies, even if they are out of print, in lieu of personal copies of books.

Electronic reserves are governed by the same principles of copyright law as print reserves–but with some added complications. Unfortunately, the library and publishing communities were unable to come up with a consensus for guidelines on handling electronic reserves so each institution must make its own attempt to comply with the law.

At Stevenson University Library, the following rules will apply with regard to electronic reserves:

• The Library will issue passwords for instructors to provide to their students to get access to e-reserved material
• Articles, book chapters and class notes may be put on e-reserve; entire books cannot
• The first time an article (or book chapter) goes on reserve, it is not necessary to obtain permission; if the same article will be used in subsequent semesters, permssion must be obtained.

If you need to obtain permission to use a copyrighted work, see Getting Permission from the University of Texas for an introduction to the different ways you can go about obtaining permission.

Helpful Links

Copyright Law: Using Information Legally — from Johns Hopkins University

Copyright in the Classroom — from University of Maryland University College

Copyright Management Center — at Indiana-Purdue University.

Fair Use of Guidelines for Electronic Reserve Systems — From the University of Texas

Copyright Information Center — at Cornell University

¹ Kenneth D. Crews. Copyright Essentials for Librarians and Educators. American Library Association, 2000.